Quarterly Punjabi Magazine Nisot.com

Êdr lihr dy hwQly aiDaYn df mµqv

— hrIÈ ky purI —

Êdr lihr BfvyN QoVHf smF hI cwlI, pr ies ny Bfrq dI afËfdI leI Gol ivc AuWGf rol adf kIqf. BfvyN BfrqI rfÈtrvfd dI ieiqhfskfrI ivc ies nUM ajy ies df Auicq sQfn nhIN imilaf, qF vI ieh nhIN ikhf jf skdf ik ieh ies Gol df iek axiliKaf kFz hI bxI rhI hY. ies lihr dy drjn qoN vwD ibrqFq pRkfiÈq hoey imldy hn,1 keI jIvnIaF aqy svY-jIvnIaF ivc2 aqy Bfrq dy suqMqrqf sMgrfm nfl sMbMiDq keI hor pusqkF3 ivc ies dy kuJ muK dOrF aqy lwCxF df sMKyp vrxn kIqf igaf imldf hY. qF iPr ies lihr bfry iek hor ikqfb ikAuN, aqy awj ies dI sfzy leI pRsMgkqf kI hY? ies gwl dI ivafiKaf ËrUrI ho skdI hY. ies nfl mOjUdf aiDaYn leI cuxy gey iviÈaF nUM spÈt krn ivc shfieqf iml skdI hY.
Êdr lihr 1913 ivc amrIkf ivc ÈurU hoeI. afpxy inÈfinaF aqy ivcfrF dy cOKty ivc ieh Aus pRDfn ivcfrDfrk icMqn qoN (smyq ies dIaF ivroDqfeIaF dy) pRyrnf lYNdI sI, ijhVf 1905-1920 dy smyN dOrfn BfrqI ienklfbI rfÈtrvfdIaF ivc imldf sI. iehnF pVHy ilKy ienklfbIaF ny, ijhVy igxqI ivc QoVHy ijhy hI sn, ies lihr dy ivkfs ivc aqy ies nUM syD dyx ivc aihm BUimkf inBfeI. iehnF ivcoN sB qoN AuGVvF nF lflf hridafl df sI ijs ny afksPorz jf ky pVHfeI krn leI imly gOrvÈflI vËIÌy nUM Tukrf idwqf sI qF ik Auh afpxy afp nUM pUrI qrHF kOmI AudyÈ dy smrpn kr sky. BfrI igxqI ivc lok ies lihr ivc Èfml hoey, ijnHF ivcoN bhuqy 95 ÌI sdI qoN vwD, pµjfbI prvfsI, vDyry krky iswK sn, ijhVy AuWqrI amrIkf dy ÈFq mhFsfgrI qwt Auqy, axisiKaq kfimaF, Kyq mËdUrF vjoN kMm krdy sn, Kyq-mflk sn aqy Tykydfr sn. AuWqrI amrIkf ivc AuhnF dy inwjI qjrby aqy ÈurU ÈurU dI sMgiTq BfeIcfrk srgrmI kfrn ieh sMBv ho sikaf ik Auh rfÈtrvfdIaF vwloN kIqy jFdy ienklfbI prcfr nUM iehnF lokF Aupr Aus vyly ho rhy jbr nfl aqy afpxy dyÈ ivc ho rhy jbr nfl kfrgr qrIky nfl joV skx. ies nfl ieh qwQ AuWBr ky sfhmxy afAuNdf sI ik Bfrq dy ihqF aqy brqfnvI sfmrfj dy ihqF ivc koeI sFJ nhIN ho skdI. jvfb isrÌ iek sI: Êdr, Bfv, ihMsf rfhIN ienklfbI qbdIlI; ies qoN Gwt jF vwD kuJ nhIN.
pµjfbI prvfsI hI sn ijhVy vDyry krky awgy afey aqy AuhnF ny PMz vI idwqy. amlI rUp ivc ieh AuhnF dI hI lihr sI. AuhnF qoN ibnF Êdr lihr ho hI nhIN sI skdI. ienklfbI qbdIlI leI ies lihr dy Kfsy nUM insicq krn vflI cIË Auh gUhVy sMbMD sn, ijhVy do mOty qOr Auqy vwKry vKry ansrF ivckfr pfey jFdy sn.
ikAuNik bysbry pµjfbIaF ny ieh mµg krnI ÈurU kr idwqI ik ibafnF dI QF iksy ainsicq BivwK ivc ienklfb dI iqafrI krnI ÈurU kIqI jfey, aqy ikAuNik ies df muK afgU hridafl, apRYl 1914 ivc igRPqfrI qoN mgroN iek pfsy ho igaf sI, ies leI pµjfbI afgUaF ny lihr dI kmFz sMBfl leI. ividafrQI ienklfbI AuhnF iswKF nUM “axpVH” aqy “mnovygI” dwsdy sn ijs krky AuhnF qoN cOks rihMdy hoey Auh lihr qoN ipwCy ht gey. jdoN pihlI sMsfr jMg ÈurU hoeI qF dohF ny vKo vKry rfh PV ley. pµjfbI prvfsIaF ny afpxy sYNkVy sfQI AuqÈfhIaF nUM iekwTf kIqf aqy asMBv ijhf ienklfb ÈurU krn leI Bfrq vfps af gey; AuhnF ny dMq-kQf bx geI bhfdrI aqy kurbfnI dIaF ieho ijhIaF imsflF kfiem kIqIaF ijhVIaF pµjfb dy ienklfbI nOjvfnF dIaF mgroN afAux vflIaF pIVHIaF leI pRyrnf df sdIvI somf bx geIaF. ienklfbI ividafrQI briln ieMzIaf (Berlin India Committee) kmytI nfl rl gey, ijs nUM jrmnI vloN Dn aqy agvfeI idwqI jFdI sI; AuhnF nUM ieh ‘Bfrq aqy jrmnI df sFJf AudyÈ’ lgdf sI. kYilPornIaf ivclI CotI ijhI ÊdrI jQybMdI dI ies kmytI nfl aqy afm jrmn KuÌIaf eyjMsI nfl imlvrqx ny lihr dy Kfsy nUM bdl idwqf; aiswDy qOr Auqy ies ny aµdrUnI Puwt ivc vfDf kIqf aqy afKr sfËÈ kys qoN mgroN ies nUM toty toty kr idqf.
afm pwDr Auqy vI, aqy akfdimk pwDr Auqy vI, ies lihr bfry imldy vrxnF ivc asIN jo kuJ dyKdy hF Auh hY ies dy ieiqhfs nUM muV-Ausfrx ivc qwQF dI aijhI AuGVvyN qOr Auqy igxI-cuxI Koj; ijs nfl ieh ieiqhfs lgpg spÈt qOr Auqy do vrgF ivc vMzy jFdy hn. iek vrg ivc Auh ilKqF afAuNdIaF hn ijnHF ivc iviÈÈtqf vflI phuMc apxfeI geI hY, AuhnF ivc muK qOr Auqy bdyÈF ivcly BfrqI ienklfbI buDIjIvIaF Auqy iDafn kyNdirq kIqf igaf hY; Êdr lihr nUM ies qrHF pyÈ kIqf igaf hY ik ies nUM kfiem krn vfly, kMtrol krn vfly aqy syD dyx vfly “prMprfeI buDIjIvI” (traditional intellectuals) sn ijnHF ny afpxIaF klipq kOmFqrI skImF dy ihwsy vjoN axpVH pµjfbI mËdUrF dy Aus smUh nUM, ijhVf iek adBuq mnwuKI msflf sI, afpxy nfl rlf ilaf. 4 ies qrHF pµjfbI ÊdrIaF dI BfrI igxqI dy rol aqy srgrmIaF nUM jF qF ingUxf bxf idwqf igaf jF axgOilaF kr idwqf igaf.
ieh sfry dy sfry vrxn, ijhVy iehnF ividafrQI ienklfbIaF dIaF pYVF Auqy cldy sn, ‘ihMdU-jrmn sfËÈ’ ivc ÊdrIaF dy ihwsy nUM Êlq ZMg nfl iËafdf AuBfr ky pyÈ krdy hn. ies dI iek vjHf ieh sI ik Bfrq srkfr dy idmfÊ Auqy Êdr dy jrmn sMbMD vflf pwK Cfieaf hoieaf sI aqy Aus df ruJfn bdyÈF ivc BfrqI ienklfbIaF dIaF hr qrHF dIaF srgrmIaF nUM Êdr pfrtI dy Kfny ivc rKx df sI. ivdvfnF nUM gRih mµqrfly dI rfjnIqk ÈfK dIaF ilKIaF kfrvfeIaF ivc aqy sfËÈ kys dy rIkfrzF ivc ies sMbMDI kfÌI msflf iml igaf. ieQy nfl lgdI ies gwl df iËkr kIqf jf skdf hY ik ies vrg ivc afAuNdIaF bhuqIaF ikrqF bMgflI ivdvfnF dIaF ilKIaF hoeIaF sn aqy Êdr lihr bfry CpI iek mgrlI ikrq ivc ies lihr nUM vDyry krky bMgflI AuWdm hI dwisaf igaf sI. 5
dUjy vrg ivc Auh ikrqF afAuNdIaF hn ijnHF ivc ies lihr ivcly pµjfbIaF dI BfrI igxqI Auqy iDafn kyNdirq kIqf igaf imldf hY aqy iehnF dy lyKk vYsy sfry pµjfbI sn.6 KuÈvMq isMG ny ies lihr nUM vDyry AuGVvyN qrIky nfl ÈFq mhF sfgrI qwt Auqy rihMdy iswKF dI lihr vjoN pyÈ kIqf ijhVI Kflsf dIvfn dy afgUaF vloN clfey gey GolF ivcoN inklI sI; AuhnF dI rfjsI srgrmI dy qUÌfnI kyNdr gurdvfry huMdy sn aqy ies ny AudoN rUp Dfiraf jdoN AuhnF nUM hridafl dy rYzIkl mÈvry vwl iDafn dyx leI mnf ilaf igaf. KuÈvMq isMG anusfr, ikAuNik prvfsIaF nUM vkIlF aqy srkfrI mihkimaF nfl nijwTx dI loV huMdI sI, ies leI AuhnF nUM hridafl vrgy bulfiraF dI loV huMdI sI ijhVy aµgryËI bol skdy hox. ies nfl ‘dUhrI lIzriÈp’ sfhmxy afeI. Aus muqfbk, ‘ihMdU buDIjIvIaF aqy iswK mËdUrF ivckfr mqByd atwl sn’ , ikAuNik ‘iswK ihMdUaF nUM aµgryËI boldy bfbU kih ky nÌrq krdy sn, ijnHF ivc afpxy ivÈvfsF Auqy itkx dI dlyrI nhIN sI huMdI. ihMdU afm krky iswKF nfl Ausy qrHF dI ihkfrq nfl pyÈ afAuNdy sn ijs qrHF dI ihkfrq vkIl afm krky afpxIaF pyNzU sfmIaF leI idKfAuNdy sn’ ijnHF qoN AuhnF ny pYsy btorny huMdy sn. 7 Êdr lihr iswK BfeIcfry ivclIaF smkflI smfjI-rfjnIqk lihrF dy afid-rUp qoN ikAuN aqy ikvyN lFBy geI, Aus dI ivafiKaf lwBxf qF iek pfsy rih igaf, AuplwbD qwQF nUM ies BfeIcfry dy svY-ibMb dy sOKy ijhy afm soc ivc pfey jFdy ZFcy ivc iPt krn dI ibrqI kfrn keI qrHF dy svflF nUM AuTfAux dI sMBfvnf bMd ho geI. Audfhrx vjoN ieh svfl ax-puwiCaf hI rih igaf ik ikhVI gwl sI ijs krky ÊdrI lok pµjfb ivcly pµjfbIaF qoN AuGVvIN qrHF vwKry sn aqy ijs ny iswK BfeIcfrk jQybMdIaF nUM Auksfieaf ik Auh iehnF nUM Kqrnfk hwd qk iswK-ivroDI smJx lg pYx aqy ies qrHF ies lihr nUM dbfAux leI brqfnvI srkfr dI pUrI shfieqf krn.
ies lihr dy iehnF vrnxF df iek bhuq hI iDafn dyx Xog pwK sI bhfdrI vfly kfrnfimaF aqy kurbfnIaF leI iehnF df pRqwK moh; ies qrHF ieh lihr nUM ‘pµjfbI juJfr prMprf’ dy iek hor sbUq dy qOr `qy pyÈ krdy sn. pµjfb vwloN pihlI jMg dy smyN dy dOrfn, sfmrfj dI “qlvfr vflI bFh” , vjoN inBfeI geI BUimkf df aflocnfqmk ivÈlyÈx iek pfsy rih igaf. blik ies phuMc ny, ienklfb leI Êdr lihr dI ivcfrDfrf, jQybMdI aqy rxnIqI dy ivÈlyÈx nUM axCuihaf rihx idwqf hY ijs nfl, jdoN ies gwl dI ivafiKaf krn df svfl pYdf hoieaf ik afKr ieh asPl ikAuN rhI, qF ieho ijhy sfry vrxn rvfieqI jvfb df afsrf lYNdy sn: muKbr mfr igaf.
keI msly hn ijhVy ies lihr nUM aqy BfrqI rfÈtrvfd dy ivkfs ivc ies dy sQfn nUM smJx leI mhwqvpUrn hn. iehnF df sMbMD ies lihr dy inÈfinaF nfl hY, arQfq ies nfl ik iewCq ienklfbI qbdIlI dI pRikrqI kI sI, rfjnIqk ihMsf ivc Drm dI ikQoN qk pRsMgkqf jF apRsMgkqf sI, ivAuNqI geI jF qYa kIqI geI jQybMdI dI aqy ienklfb leI GVI geI rxnIqI dI pRikrqI kI sI. jdoN ieh lihr ÈurU kIqI geI aqy jdoN ies ny Ëor PiVaf, Aus smyN dy dOrfn ieh sfry msly AuTfey jFdy rhy sn aqy BfrqI ienklfbI rfÈtrvfdIaF ivckfr iehnF bfry gMBIr bihs cldI rhI sI. bMgfl ivclI svdyÈI lihr (1903-1908) ivcly ruJfnF bfry afpxI ivcfr-crcf ivc, sumIq sfrkr iehnF ivvfdF vwl bVI AuGVvIN qrHF sMkyq krdf hY. pRQf-pUj aqy bIqy ivc muV jfn pfAux df Xqn kr rhy ihMdU mwq dy Xug ivc, jdoN bMgfl ivcly ienklfbIaF Auqy Drm aqy aiDafqmkqf df pRBfv aribMdo GoÈ aqy isstr invyidqf dI agvfeI hyT afpxI isKr Auqy puwj cukf sI, qF hym cMdr kfnUMngo dI agvfeI hyT ies nfl mwqByd rwKx vflf, Drm-inrpyK, sgoN Drm-ivroDI ruJfx vI dyKx ivc afAuNdf hY aqy ienklfbI hlikaF dy aµdr Drm dI BUimkf bfry bihsF cwldIaF huMdIaF sn. 8 bMgfl dIaF ÉuÌIaf jQybMdIaF ivc iek hor muK bihs afËfdI prfpq krn dy ZMg-qrIikaF Auqy kyNdirq huMdI sI. bdyÈF ivcly BfrqI ienklfbIaF ny Bfrq dy vwzy Dfrimk iÌrikaF ivckfr eykqf dy mµqv leI Drm-inrpyK isafsq Auqy Ëor dyxf ÈurU kr idwqf hoieaf sI. AuhnF sfhmxy ieqflvI irsfrjImYNto (Italian Risorgimento) vloN pyÈ kIqf igaf afdrÈ ieh sI ik hr qrHF dy rfÈtrvfdIaF ivckfr vwD qoN vwD eykqf pYdf kIqI jfey. dUjy pfsy, ienklfbI srgrmI dy muK ZMg vjoN ivakqIgq dihÈqvfd Auqy gMBIr qOr Auqy pRÈn-icMnH lfieaf jf irhf sI aqy jQybMd lok-ienklfb hovy jF bdyÈI qfkqF dI mdd nfl kIqf POjI rfj-pltf vrgy bdlvyN rUpF Auqy ivcfr kIqI jf rhI sI. pr ieh msly ijAuN dy iqAuN hI rhy.
ÊdrI ienklfbIaF dI ivcfrDfrk pµz ivc ieh sfry vwK vwK ruJfx pey imldy hn pr Bfrq aqy bdyÈF ivcly iehnF ienklfbI rfÈtrvfdIaF leI ieho ijhy ivcfr pRiqÈt kfrkunF dI kfrvfeI dy Gyry ivc hI kMm krdy sn, jd ik Êdr lihr kfÌI hwd qk iek jnqk lihr bx geI sI ijs ivc pRiqÈt qbkf pYtI bUrjUaf ienklfbIaF aqy iksfnF ivcoN afey lokF ivclf pfVf iksy hwd qk hI pUr sikaf. ies leI ieh nvIN iksm dI ienklfbI lihr sI. ieho ijhI lihr ienklfbI rfÈtrvfdIaF df suÌnf sI, pr Bfrq ivc ieh kdI vI sMBv nhIN sI. ies leI ies lihr df zUMGf aiDaYn mhwqv Dfrn kr jFdf hY, ijhVf nvyN lwCxF, nvIaF sMBfvnfvF aqy ajy qk nËr ivc nf afey msilaF nUM sfhmxy ilafey.
rfjnIqk ihMsf aqy ienklfbI qbdIlI dI Audfhrx vjoN ies df aiDaYn ieh smJx leI vI pRsMgk hY ik ikhVI gwl hY ijhVI iksy ienklfbI lihr nUM kfÌI jF nfkfÌI bxf dyNdI hY. ijs ZMg nfl ies lihr ny ivkfs kIqf aqy aml ivc ijhVf Kfsf ieh Dfrn kr geI, Aus qoN ivcfrDfrf aqy jQybMdI, jUJfrUpx aqy rxnIqI ivcly pRspr sMbMDF aqy ivroDqfeIaF bfry svfl AuWT KVy huMdy hn. iehnF svflF df aiDaYn ivÈfl ienklfbI lihrF nfl ainwKV qOr Auqy juVIaF hoeIaF smwisafvF nUM smJx ivc aqy iehnF bfry gMBIrqf nfl ivcfr krn ivc vI shfeI ho skdf hY. ieho ijhf ivÈlyÈx smfj ivigafn dy ividafrQIaF leI Kfs krky pRsMgk hY ikAuNik Bfrq dy ienklfbI nOjvfn ienklfbI Gol dy iek buinafdI aµg vjoN ivakqIgq jUJfrUpuxy aqy kurbfnI dy afqmprk aµÈ leI afpxy moh nUM ajy vI jfrI rwK rhy hn.
ies leI mYN Êdr lihr dI ivcfrDfrf, jQybMdI aqy rxnIqI df aiDaYn krnf aqy BfrqI rfÈtrvfd dy ivkfs dy sMdrB ivc ies lihr dI QF insicq krnf cuixaf hY. ivcfrDfrf nUM ieQy `cyqnf dy cOKty’ vjoN, arQfq, ivcfrF aqy ivÈvfsF dy kfÌI hwd qk sMgiTq juwt vjoN ilaf igaf hY, ijhVy afgUaF aqy AuhnF dy ipwCy cwlx vfilaF nUM AuhnF dy msilaF dI ivafiKaf pyÈ krdf hY, iewCq smfjk aqy rfjnIqk inËfm df sMklp aqy ies qbdIlI nUM ilafAux leI luVINdI kfrvfeI dI iksy hwd qk ivÈyÈ pRikrqI leI Auqyjnf dyNdf hY. ieh ËrUrI nhIN ik ivcfrF dI iBMnqf ies ivc nf afAuNdI hovy. ieh vI koiÈÈ kIqI geI hY ik ivcfrF dy do rUpF ivckfr Ìrk dyiKaf jfey, ijvyN ik AuhnF nUM ieqflvI mfrksvfdI isDFqkfr aµqonIa grfmskI dI ÈbdfvlI ivc prMprfeI buDIjIvIaF (traditional intellectuals) vloN pRcfiraf jFdf hY aqy ijs rUp ivc ieh “organic intellectuals” buDIjIvIaF qk aqy AuhnF dy Gwt sUKm anuafeIaF dI BfrI igxqI qk Qwly puwjdy hn. 9
ies lihr dy sMgTn dI pRikrqI dI GoK sfnUM bxqrI qrqIbF sMbMDI vwK vwK ivcfrF dIaF BUl-BuleIaF vwl, aiDkfrqf aqy lIzriÈp dy pwDrF qk aqy ies qoN pYdf ho rhI bxqr dy lIzriÈp dy kfrjÈIl pYtrnF aqy sMcfr dIaF cYnlF dy ivÈlyÈx vwl lY jFdI hY. ienklfb dI rxnIqI df aiDaYn sfnUM keI qrHF dy tIicaF qoN awgy AuhnF ZMg qrIikaF vwl lY jFdf hY ijhVy ÊdrIaF ny aml ivc ilaFdy jdoN AuhnF ny brqfnvI ÌOj dy bfÊI ispfhIaF dI ihmfieq nfl rfj-pltf ilafAux dy inÈfny nfl kfrvfeIaF ÈurU kIqIaF. ieh vI koiÈÈ kIqI geI hY ik ienklfbIaF dy vKo vKry toilaF, Kfs krky briln dI BfrqI suqMqrqf kmytI (Indian Independence Committee) aqy kYilPornIaf ivclI Êdr jQybMdI ivcly aµqr-sMbMDF dI pRikrqI nUM iesy sMdrB ivc rwK ky dyiKaf jfey.
pusqk dy ies Bfg ivclf aiDaYn 1913-1918 dy smyN qk sImq hY, BfvyN ik ihMdusqfn Êdr pfrtI ny 1947 qk ies nfm hyT Gol krnf jfrI riKaf. ies dy Auicq kfrn vI sn. Auh invyklI lihr ijhVI meI 1913 ivc ÈFq mhFsfgrI qwt dI ihMdI sBf dy kfiem krn nfl ÈurU kIqI geI, ijs df srUp 1 nvMbr 1913 qoN ies dy muK aÉbfr Êdr nfl ricaf igaf sI, Bfrq ivc 1915 qoN 1918 qk cly keI sfËÈ kysF aqy amrIkf ivc cwly ‘ihMdU jrmn sfËÈ kys’ qoN mgroN dm qoV geI. jMg qoN mgroN, amrIkf ivcly BfrqIaF leI smfjk aqy rfjnIqk sMdrB jMg ivc amrIkf dy Èfml hox qoN pihlF aqy 1917 ivc sfn ÌrFissko ivc sfËÈ kys ÈurU hox qoN pihlF nfloN bhuq vwKrf sI. iesy qrHF AuhnF QoVHy ijhy BfrqIaF dy ihq aqy iPkr vI vKry sn, ijnHF ny amrIkf aqy kYnyzf ivc jf vwsxf cuixaf sI. kOmFqrI rfjnIqk siQqI buinafdI qOr Auqy bdl geI sI. ies lihr leI muZly dOr dy rUsI arfjkqfvfdI ienklfbIaF dI ivcfrDfrk soc, 1912 df cInI ienklfb, aqy amrIkf ivc ivlsn dy muZly sflF dy brqfnIaf ivroDI prcfr dI mUµh-Ëor afËfdI ies leI pRyrnf bx gey sn. jMg dy aKIr ivc vfprIaF GtnfvF—amrIkf dI inrpKqf Kqm hoxf aqy brqfnIaf nfl ies df srgrm gTjoV, bflÈivk ienklfb dI grj nfl imilaf sMdyÈ aqy Bfrq ivc pµjfb ivc akflI lihr ÈurU hoxf aqy mhfqmf gFDI dI agvfeI hyT dyÈ-ivafpI jnqk brqfnIaf-ivroDI ros lihr df AuTxf--ÈFq mhFsfgrI qwt Auprly BfrqIaF nUM rfjnIqk srgrmI dy bdlvyN rsqy df suJfa dyNdy sn. jdoN 1919 ivc Êdr pfrtI muV ÈurU kIqI geI, qF ies df pRogrfm ies qbdIlI dI Jlk dyNdf sI. ijnHF ÊdrIaF ny kimAUinËm df ruwK kr ilaf sI, AuhnF ny ies nUM ‘Êdr rfjnIqI ivc iqwKf moV’ dwisaf. 10 ies qoN mgroN Bfrq dI suqMqrqf leI aqy amrIkf ivcly BfrqIaF dI afËfdI leI ies ny jo srgrmIaF kIqIaF AuhnF qoN Auh islislf hoNd ivc afieaf ijs ny ‘Êdr’ dy pihly vfly rsqy dI QF lY leI. ies leI ihMdusqfn Êdr pfrtI 1919-1947 df ieiqhfs dUjy Bfg ivc vKry qOr Auqy sMKyp ivc ilaf igaf hY.
ies QIm dI cox mYnUM Êdr dIaF pRkfÈnfvF aqy hridafl dIaF dUjIaF smkflI ilKqF df zUMGf aiDaYn krn vwl lY geI. iehnF ivcoN kfÌI sfrIaF df AuGVvF lwCx vfd-ivvfd aqy dUÈxbfËI huMdf sI, pr ieh AuhnF bymyl aqy ivroDfBfsI ivcfrF bfry anI hI sUJ dyNdIaF sn, ijMnI ik Aus joÈ bfry dwsdIaF sn ijs nfl iehnF df pRcfr kIqf jFdf sI. iehnF ivcoN sB qoN vwD Auqyijq krn vflIaF iek nvMbr, 1913 qoN lY ky sqMbr 1917 dy aµq qk dIaF AurdU aqy gurmuKI dohF ivc hI imldIaF Êdr aÉbfr dIaF ÌfeIlF sn aqy Auh ikqfbcy sn ijnHF ivc Êdr dIaF kivqfvF CpIaF huMdIaF sn. myrI KuÈiksmqI sI ik mYN ieh sfrf kuJ mUl rUp ivc pVH sikaf. Êdr dI AurdU aYzIÈn qoN gurmuKI aYzIÈn vwl jFidaF, aqy Aus qoN awgy pµjfbI prvfsIaF dI bolI aqy muhfvry ivc sfDfrx qukbMdI vwl jfxf Auh aml dyKx ivc Kfs krky kImqI sI ijs nUM mfrks ny ‘ivcfrF nUM mfqBfÈf df jfmf puafAuxf’ ikhf sI, Bfv, pYtI bUrjUaf buDIjIvIaF dI aqy afm mËdUr iksfnF dI rfjnIqk soc ivcly pfVy nUM mylx df Xqn dwisaf sI.
srkfrI rIkfrzF ivcoN sB qoN vwD kImqI Bfrq srkfr dy gRih mµqrfly dIaF, rfjnIqk ÈfKf dIaF kfrvfeIaF dIaF rIportF sn, ijnHF dy nfl ÉuÌIaf eyjMtF dIaF pµdrvfVI rIportF aqy ivÈyÈ rIportF Èfml sn ijnHF qoN sI[ afeI[ zI[ nUM AuhnF ivakqIaF bfry BfrI PfeIlF iqafr krn ivc shfieqf imldI sI ijnHF nUM vDyry Kqrnfk smiJaf jFdf sI. iehnF rIkfrzF ivc AuGVvyN qOr Auqy lfBkfrI amrIkf ivcly BfrqI prvfsIaF bfry zI[ aYs[ zyzI bUrjor vloN iqafr kIqI geI Èfndfr rIport sI ijs bfry hux qk bhuqy lok nhIN jfxdy. pµjfb pulIs dy aÌsrF aYÌ[ sI[ afeIsmFgr aqy jy[ slYtlrI (Isemonger and J. Mlatlery) vloN iqafr kIqI geI rIport ies lihr dy ieiqhfs df sMKyp srkfrI rUpFqr hY. dUjy srkfrI soimaF ivc rfjDRoh bfry kmytI dI rIport (Medition Committee Report) (1918) aqy ‘Êdr zfierYktrI’ Èfml hn, ijhVI Bfrq srkfr dI sI[ afeI[ zI[ vloN iqafr kIqI geI sI. lMzn ivcly bsqIaF bfry ivBfg dy dÌqr dy rIkfrzF ivc BfrqI prvfsIaF bfry bhuq sfrIaF ivÈyÈ rIportF, Bfrq aqy kYnyzf dIaF srkfrF df bsqIaF leI rfjkI skwqr nfl lMmf cOVf icwTI-pwqr aqy birgyzIar jnrl svyn df iek mhwqvpUrn KUÌIaf myjrnfmf (Memorandum) Èfml hY. ieh aqy Bfrq dy vpfr aqy snaq bfry ivBfg dy rIkfrzF ivc prvfsI ÈfKf dIaF PfeIlF Kfs krky kImqI iswD hoeIaF, ijQoN qk kYnyzf vwl BfrqIaF dy prvfs nUM rokx leI kdmF nUM pfs krn ivc brqfnIaf aqy Bfrq dIaF srkfrF dy rfjnIqk kfrnF aqy pRqwK rol dI zUMGI sUJ pRfpq krn df svfl sI. amrIkf dy styt zIpfrtmYNt dy rIkfrzF df ‘ihMdU jrmn sfËÈ’ dy sMbMD ivc Kfs qOr Auqy lfB AuTfieaf igaf hY. iehnF rIkfrzF ivc keI ÊdrI kfrkunF dy ibafn vI Èfml hn ijnHF qoN briln ivclI BfrqI suqMqrqf kmytI, jrmn aiDkfrIaF aqy Bfrq qoN bfhr rih gey muwTI ku Br ÊdrI afgUaF ivckfr imlvrqx dI pRikrqI bfry pqf lgdf hY. ieh ÊdrI afgU jMg dy dOrfn Bfrq qoN bfhr rihMdy rhy sn.
ies smyN ivc kYnyzf dy ivktorIaf aqy vYnkUvr qoN, amrIkf dy sfn ÌrFissko aqy portlYNz qoN pRkfiÈq huMdy aÉbfr, aqy pµjfb ivc aµgryËI aqy dysI BfÈfvF ivc Cpdy aKbfr Aus smyN dy afm lokF dy iÌkrF, ibMbF aqy rUVIbwD rUpF qk puwjx leI lfhyvMd sfbq hoey. iek hor somf ÊdrIaF dy dohF vrgF dy AuWGy afgUaF aqy kfrkunF dIaF keI inwjI ismrqIaF aqy AuhnF dIaF pRkfiÈq aqy axpRkfiÈq XfdF df sI; Aumr dy kfrn aqy mgroN kIqIaF geIaF ÌfrmUlyÈnF Auqy inrBr krn nfl pey pRqwK ivgfVF dy bfvjUd ieh lfBkfrI sfbq hoieaf iehnF qoN AuhnF dy ivÈvfsF aqy afpxIaF pRfQimkqfvF bfry AuhnF dy iKaflF nUM jQybMdI ivclI aiDkfrqf dI bxqr bfry ivcfrF nUM aqy ienklfbI rxnIqI dy sMklpF nUM smJx ivc shfieqf imlI. pVHy-ilKy ienklfbI rfÈtrvfdIaF dy vrg ivcly AuGy ivakqIaF ivc Èfml sn--goibMd ibhfrI lfl, pFzUrMg sdfiÈv KfnKojy, BUipµdr nfQ dwq, sicMdr nfQ sfinafl aqy BfeI prmfnMd, hridafl dIaF icwTIaF aqy krysI cYncIaf df iliKaf hoieaf iek Èfndfr srbMgI axpRkfiÈq ieiqhfs. ijQoN qk pµjfbI prvfsIaF ivcly afgUaF aqy kfrkunF dIaF rIkfrz kIqIaF XfdF df svfl hY, sohx isMG Bkxf, hrnfm isMG tuMzIlft, jvflf isMG aqy ipRQvI isMG afËfd vloN idqy gey vyrvy ÊdrIaF ivckfr bihsF aqy ivvfd dy muK msilaF bfry ivcfr krn leI kImqI sn. qyjf isMG (ijhVf mgroN jf ky sMq qyjf isMG msqUafxf vjoN jfixaF jfx lwgf), nvF cMd qy krqfr isMG aqy hrI isMG kYnyzIan dIaF ismrqIaF qoN smfj dy kulIn vrg vloN afpxI vwKrI ÈnfKq11 AuGfVx leI vwKrI qrHF dI smfjk-rfjnIqk syD nUM smJx ivc shfieqf imlI. guridwq isMG dI rcnf ËulmI kQf iek mhwqvpUrn somf sI ijs ny robI l[ rIz dI pusqk ‘kfmfgftf mfrU dI aµdrlI khfxI’ dy, aqy ‘gVbVF dI qÌqIÈ kmytI dI rIport’ dy pUrk df kMm kIqf, ijs nfl kfmfgftf mfrU dI khfxI nUM vDyry sMqulq ZMg nfl smiJaf jf skdf sI.
iehnF ivcoN bhuq sfiraF nfl lMmIaF lMmIaF mulfkfqF dI lVI qoN AuhnF simaF dy imËfj df pqf lwgf aqy ies bfry mYN kImqI sUcnf iekwTI kIqI. 1968 ivc sohx isMG Bkxf nfl kIqIaF mulfkfqF ny, asl ivc, ies lihr ivc myrI muZlI idlcspI pYdf kIqI. keI sflF mgroN mYN ipRQvI isMG afËfd aqy guwjr isMG Bkxf nfl ivAuNqbMd mulfkfqF kr sikaf. hor ijnHF nfl mulfkfqF kIqIaF AuhnF ivcoN AuWGy sn hridafl df purfxf imwqr aqy sfQI hnUvMq shfie; 26vIN pµjfbI rjmµt df hrnfm isMG, (AumId kIqI jFdI sI ik imQy gey rfj-plty dIaF golIaF iesy rjmµt vloN dfÊIaF jfxgIaF); aqy gurmuK isMG llqoN ijhVf ik Aus nihÈ jhfË kfmfgftf mfrU df iek svfr sI aqy AuhnF kuJ kfrkunF ivcoN iek sI ijnHF ny brqfnvI ÌOj dy BfrqI ispfhIaF nUM ienklfb dy mµqv leI afpxy vwl krn vfsqy vwKo vKrIaF rjmµtl bYrkF dy cwkr lfey sn.

Puwt not

1[ rxDIr isMG dI pusqk ÊdrI XoDy: 1914-15 pµjfb dy ienklfbIaF dI BuwlI ivwsrI khfxI (bMbeI: pIplË pbiliÈMg hfAUs, 1945), afm lokF leI Èfndfr pusqk ijhVI muK qOr Auqy kuJ ÊdrI afgUaF nfl lyKk dIaF mulfkfqF Auqy afDfirq sI. ies ivÈy ivc gMBIr KojIaF dI idlcspI ies pusqk dy Cpx qoN do dhfikaF qoN iËafdf mgroN ÈurU hoeI; AudoN qk imldI ieh ieko iek pusqk sI. iesdy dOrfn do aiDaYn pµjfbI ivc pRkfÈq hoey, jgjIq isMG dI Êdr pfrtI lihr (qrnqfrn 1955) aqy Êdr pfrtI df ieiqhfs (jlMDr dyÈ Bgq Xfdgfr kmytI, 1961) -lyKk gurcrn isMG sihMsrf aqy hor. ieh dUjI pusqk asl ivc aiDkfirq ilKq sI ijs nUM BUqpUrv ÊdrIaF dy dyÈ Bgq grup vwloN ilKvfieaf igaf aqy pRkfiÈq kIqf igaf sI. swTivaF dy awD qoN lY ky ijhVy Koj-afDfirq aiDaYn pRkfiÈq hoey hn AuhnF ivc Èfml hn: Êdr-1915, ieMzIafË Ìst afrmz rYvoilAUÈn, lyKk KuÈvMq isMG aqy siqMdr isMG (nvIN idwlI: afr[ aYNz ky[ pbiliÈMg hfAUs, 1966); d rol afÌ d Êdr pfrtI ien d nYÈnl mUvmYNt, Êdr pfrtI, lyKk gurdyv isMG idal (idwlI: strilMg pbilÈrË, 1969) ieMzIan ÌrIzm mUvmYNt: rYvoilAUÈnrIË ien amYirkf, lyKk kilafn kumfr bYnrjI (klkwqf jIjfnsf, 1969); ieMzIan rYvoilAUÈnrI mUvmYNt ien dI XUnfeIitz styts afÌ amYirkf, lyKk aYl[ pI[ mfQur (idwlI: aYs[ cFd aYNz kMpnI, 1970); ieMzIan rYvoilAUÈnrIË aYbrfz 1905-1922, lyKk ey[ sI[ bos (ptnf: BfrqI Bvn, 1971); sohn isMG joÈ, ihMdusqfn Êdr pfrtI: ey Èfrt ihstrI (nvIN idwlI: pI[ pI[ aYc[ 1977); aqy ainl bfrfn gFgUlI, Êdr rYvoilAUÈn ien amYirkf (idwlI: mYtropolItn buwk kMpnI, 1980).
2[ iehnF ivcoN AuWGy hn: BfeI prmfnMd, dI storI afÌ mfeI lfeIÌ, anu[ n[ suMdr afXr aqy lfl cMd (lfhOr: dI sYNtrl ihMdU Xuvk sBf, 1934); ÈicMdr nfQ sfnXfl, bMdI jIvn (ihMdI) (idwlI: afqmf rfm aYNz snË, 1963); sohx isMG Bkxf, jIvn sMgrfm (pµjfbI) (jlMDr: Xuvk kyNdr pRkfÈn, 1967); DrmvIr, lflf hridafl aYNz rYvoilAUÈnrI mUvmYNt afÌ ihË tfeImË (nvIN idwlI: ieMzIan buwk kMpnI, 1970); aYimlI sI[ brfAUn, hridafl: ihMdU rYvoilAUÈnrI aYNz rYÈnilst (tksn: dI XUnIvristI afÌ aYrIËonf prYs, 1975); ipRQvI isMG, kRFqI pwQ kf piQk (ihMdI) (cMzIgVH: prfg pRkfÈn, 1964); sohx isMG joÈ, bfbf sohx isMG Bkxf: Êdr pfrtI dy bfnI df jIvn (nvIN idwlI: pI[ pI[ aYc[ 1970); BfeI sfihb rxDIr isMG, afqm kQf, anuvfd qrlocn isMG (luiDafxf: BfeI sfihb rxDIr isMG pbiliÈMg hfAUs, 1971); jsvMq isMG js, bfbf vsfKf isMG (pµjfbI) (jlMDr: inAU buwk kMpnI, 1979); vI[ aYs[ sUrI, ey brIÌ bfieagrfÌIkl skYc afÌ sohx lfl pfTk (pitaflf: pµjfbI XUnIvristI, 1968); BUipµdrnfQ dwq, apRkfiÈq rfjnIqk ieiqhfs (bMgflI) (klkwqf; nvBfrq pbilÈrË, 1953).
3[ Audfhrx vjoN, afr[ sI[ mjUmdfr, ihstrI afÌ dI ÌrIzm mUvmYNt ien ieMzIaf, sYNcI dUjI (klkwqf: ky[ aYl[ muKopfiDafie, 1963); ey[ sI[ guhf, Pst spfrk afÌ rYvoilAUÈn (inAU idwlI: arIaYNt lFgmYn, 1971); bflÈfsqrI hrdfs, afrmz strwgl Pfr PrIzm: nfeIntI XIarË vfr afÌ ieMzIpYNzYNs, 1857 qoN suBfÈ qk, anu[ aYs[ aYs[ afpty (pUnf: kfl pRkfÈn, 1958); supRkfÈ rfie, Bfrqyr vYplfivk sMgrfmyr ieiqhfs (bMgflI) (klkwqf: zI[ aYn[ bI[ ey[ brwdrË, 1970); swiqaf m[ rfie, pµjfbI hIroiek trYzIÈn 1900-1947 (pitaflf: pµjfbI XUnIvristI, 1978).
4[ Audfhrx vjoN, ey[ sI[ bos, ky[ ky[ bYnrjI, afr[ sI[ mjUmdfr, BUpyNdr nfQ dwq, ey[ bI[ gMgUlI dIaF Aupr dwsIaF ikrqF.
5[ gMgUlI, Ausy QF qoN.
6[ iehnF ivc Èfml hn, Audfhrx vjoN, KuÈvMq isMG aqy siqMdr isMG, jgjIq isMG, sihMsrf, joÈ, siqaf m[ rfie dIaF ikrqF.
7[ KuÈvMq isMG aqy siqMdr isMG, Ausy pusqk ivcoN s[ 17; nfl hI dyKo KuÈvMq isMG, ey ihstrI afÌ dI isKË, sYNcI dUjI (idwlI: afksPorz XUnIvristI prYs, 1977), sÌy 175-76[
8[ sumIq srkfr, d svdyÈI mUvmYNt ien bMgfl (1903-1908) nvIN idwlI, pI[ pI[ aYc[ 1973), sÌy 484-90[
9[ kuienitn hoafry aqy ijaPrI novyl simwQ, aµtonIa grfmskI dIaF jylH not-buks ivcoN cox (lMzn: lfrMs aYNz ivÈrt, 1971), s[ 6[
10[ Bgq isMG iblgf, Êdr dy axPoly vrky, pµjfbI, (jlMDr, dyÈ Bgq Xfdgfr, 1989), sÌy 121-125, nfl hI dyKo sohx isMG joÈ, ihMdusqfn Êdr pfrtI, sYNcI dUjI s[ 216 aqy hYrlz jYkobI, ‘eIst ieMzIanË ien XUnfieitz styts: ‘d Pst hfÌ sYNcrI’ , axpRkfiÈq KrVf, 1977, aiDafie CyvF, sÌy 214-260[
11[ qyjf isMG, jIvn kQf gurmuK ipafry sMq aqr isMG jI mhfrfj (pµjfbI) qIjI aYzIÈn (pitaflf: BfÈf ivBfg pµjfb, 1970) sÌy 292-95; krqfr isMG nvF cMd, hrI isMG kYnyzIan aqy imwq isMG pµzorI dy ilKqI ibafn, pusqk amrIkf ivc ihMdusqfnI (pµjfbI) ivc, sMpf[ gMzf isMG (vYnkUvr, 1976), sÌy 58-83, 124-150[

[Êdr lihr-ivcfrDfrf jQybMdI rfjnIqI, pusqk ivwcoN]