Quarterly Punjabi Magazine Nisot.com

ivÈvIkrn aqy ividaf

— suKvMq huMdl —

ivÈvIkrn df vrqfrf sMsfr Br ivc lokF dy jIvn dy hr pihlU AuWpr vwzy asr pf irhf hY| iehnF asrF bfry jfxn aqy smJx leI bhuq kuwJ iliKaf aqy ivcfiraf jf irhf hY| ieh lyK vI ies ivcfr vtFdry df hI iek ihwsf hY| ies lyK ivc asIN ivÈvIkrn kfrn ividaf dy Kyqr ivc ho rhIaF qbdIlIaF bfry gwl krFgy| asIN dyKFgy ik ivÈvIkrn aDIn ividaf dy Kyqr AuWpr mMzI dy asUl lfgU kIqy jf rhy hn| ividaf ƒ hux jnqk BlfeI dI vsq smJx dI QF mMzI ivc KRIdI vycI jfx vflI vsq mMinaf jf irhf hY| hux ieh nhIN smiJaf jf irhf ik ividaf ƒ pRfpq krnf sfry lokF df hwk hY, sgoN ieh smiJaf jf irhf hY ik ijhVf ivakqI iesdI kImq cukf skdf hY, isrP Auh hI ividaf hfsl krn df hwkdfr hY| smfj ivc ividaf dI jo BUimkf hY, Aus bfry soc ivc qbdIlI af rhI hY| hux ividaf dI BUimkf isrÌ afriQk sMdrB ivc dyKI jf rhI hY aqy ieh smiJaf jf irhf hY ik iesdf isrP iewko iewk mksd hY, ivÈv mËdUr mMzI leI isKlfeIXfPqf aqy hunrI kfmy pYdf krnf hY| smfj dy siBafcfrk, isafsI aqy smfjk Kyqr ivc ividaf dI jo BUimkf hY, Aus ƒ axgOilaf kIqf jf irhf hY| ividaf dy Kyqr ivc ieh aml iks qrHF vfpr irhf hY, ies lyK ivc asIN ies vrqfry AuWpr ivsQfrpUrbk nËr mfrFgy| aijhf krn leI pihlF asI ivÈvIkrn dI kuwJ Kfs ivÈyÈqfvF ƒ drj krFgy, iPr sMKyp ivc ividaf dI smfj ivc mhwqqf bfry gwl krFgy aqy iPr ivÈvIkrn kfrn ividaf AuWpr pY rhy asrF bfry gwl krFgy|

ivÈvIkrn:

ivÈvIkrn srmfeydfrI df Auh pVfa hY, ijwQy smuwcy sMsfr df iek mMzI ivc eykIkrx ho igaf hY| ies pVfa dI ÈurUafq 1970vyN dhfky ivc ÈurU hoeI, jdoN mËdUrI dy aml (lybr pRosYs) ivc kMipAUtrF dI vrqoN kfrn srmfeydfrI dy Auqpfdn dy ZMgF (moz afP pRozkÈn) ivc iek vwzI qbdIlI afeI| smfj ivigafnI gYrI tIpl anusfr, ies qbdIlI kfrn Auqpfdkqf ivc hoey vfDy aqy mËdUrI dy aml ivc lÈkÈIlqf (PlYksIibltI) kfrn Auqpfdn, izstrIibAUÈn aqy Kpq dy smuwcy ZFcy df ivÈv pwDr qwk psfr ho igaf| bhuqI hwd qwk ieh ZFcf kOmI srokfrF qoN bylfg ho igaf aqy iehnF srokfrF ƒ vpfr dy rfh ivc aiVwky mMinaf jfx lwgf (Teeple, 2000). ies pVfa AuWqy srmfey ƒ sMsfr Br ivc ibnF iksy rok tok dy afAux jfx dI KuwlH iml geI aqy sMsfr dI afriQkqf ivc bhukOmI kfrporyÈnF dI BUimkf pRmuwK bx geI| ies ZFcy ivc koeI vI Auh cIË jo srmfey vloN dunIaf Br ivc ibnF iksy rok tok dy afAux jfx dy rfh ivc aiVwkf pfAuNdI hY, Ausƒ byloVI smJ ky iek pfsy Dwk idwqf jFdf hY| ies rOÈnI ivc tIpl ivÈvIkrn ƒ ies qrHF pirBfÈq krdf hY:
ivÈv pwDr AuWqy “sYlP jnryitMg srmfey” df afgmn: Bfv srmfieaf isrP srmfey dy rUp ivc, srmfieaf bhukOmI kfrporyÈn dy rUp ivc, bhuq hwd qwk kOmI vPfdfrIaF, kMtrolF aqy ihqF qoN aËfd| ies ƒ isrP srmfey df aMqrrfÈtrIkrx hI nhIN smJxf cfhIdf, ijs aDIn kOmI srmfieaF aqy kOmI rfjF dI hoNd ƒ svIkfr kIqf jFdf hY, sgoN srmfey vloN ieiqhfsk qOr AuWqy loVINdy pr mOjUdf smyN dI smfjk aqy isafsI ivvsQf ivc byloVy bx gey kOmI rfjF dy dmn dy qOr qy dyKxf cfhIdf hY| ies aml ivc trFsnYÈnl kfrporyÈnF muwK aYktr bx jFdIaF hn aqy srmfey dy sfry islisilaF df Kfsf ivÈvI bx jFdf hY[[[, aqy kOmI afriQkqf - aqy ies nfl sMbMDq hwdF, pflsIaF aqy pRogrfm - aiVwky bx jFdy hn| (sPf 179)[
sMsfr ivc ivÈvIkrx dy psfry dI mdd krn leI srkfrF nvyN kfƒn aqy nIqIaF bxf rhIaF hn, ijhnF ƒ afm qOr AuWqy inE-ilbrl nIqIaF df nF idwqf igaf hY| byÈwk ieh swc hY ik afpxIaF ivlwKx kOmI siQqIaF dy mwdynËr vwK vwK dyÈF dIaF srkfrF ivÈvIkrx bfry bfry vwKrf vwKrf pRqIkrm kr rhIaF hn| iPr vI smuwcy pwDr AuWqy dyiKaF ieh sfP ho jFdf hY ik ivÈvIkrx dy psfry leI vwK vwK srkfrF vloN bxfeIaF jFdIaF nIqIaF ivc kfPI kuJ ieko ijhf hY| ieQy asIN iehnF inEilbrl nIqIaF dIaF kuwJ kyNdrI ivÈyÈqfvF drj krFgy, ijhnF df ivÈvIkrn aqy ividaf nfl sMbMDq sfzy ivcfr vtFdry nfl iswDf irÈqf hY|

srkfrI Kyqr df pqn aqy inwjIkrn:

inE-ilbrl nIqIvfnF anusfr srkfrI Kyqr afriQkqf AuWpr bhuq vwzf Bfr hY| nqIjy vjoN Auh srkfrI krmcfrIaF dIaF qnKfhF dy Krcy ƒ GtfAux leI srkfrI nOkrIaF ivc ktOqIaF krn aqy srkfrI adfiraF ƒ inwjI hwQF ivc vyc ky srkfr dy krËy ƒ GtfAux dIaF nIqIaF dI vkflq krdy hn| ieh nIqIaF bxfAux ipwCy kMm krdI soc dy hwk ivc idwqIaF jFdIaF kuJ muwK dlIlF ieh hn: srkfrI Kyqr dy mukfbly inwjI Kyqr iËafdf kfrgr (aYPIÈYNt) hY; srkfr df mOjUdf dPqrÈfhI vflf mfzl, ijhVf dUjI sMsfr jMg qoN bfad Aus smyN dy Auqpfdn dy ZMg (moz afP pRozkÈn) anusfr hoNd ivc afieaf sI, Auqpfdn dy ajoky ZMg nfl myl nhIN KFdf| iesdy nfl hI ieh gwl vI not krn vflI hY ik srkfrI Kyqr df inwjIkrn, vpfrk adfiraF leI munfPf kmfAux dy nvyN mOky pRdfn krdf hY|

smfjk pRogrfmF ƒ Korf:

ivÈvIkrn dIaF pflsIaF aDIn sMsfr Br ivc srkfrF afpxy smfjk pRogrfmF ivc ktOqIaF kr rhIaF hn| iehnF ktOqIaF leI idwqI jFdI muwK dlIl ieh hY ik srkfrF kol ieh pRogrfm clfAux leI pYsf nhIN hY aqy ieh ktOqIaF ivÈv afriQkqf ivc
dUijaF dy mukfbly kfmXfb hox leI ËrUrI hn| iesdy nfl nfl inE-ilbrl nIqIvfnF df ieh vI qrk hY ik srkfrI nIqIaF df PYslf ivÈv mMzI dy sMdrB ivc kIqf jfxf cfhIdf hY nf ik sQfnk loVF dy sMdrB ivc| nqIjy vjoN ivÈv mMzI dy anuÈfsn aDIn bxfeIaF geIaF srkfrI nIqIaF smfjk pRogrfmF ƒ GtfAux jF Kqm krn jF AuhnF df inwjIkrn krn dI gwl krdIaF hn|

rfj (styt) dI GwtoGwt BUimkf:

inE-ilbrl nIqIaF anusfr smfj ivc rfj dI BUimkf ƒ GtfAuxf cfhIdf hY aqy srkfr ƒ smfjk mfmilaF ivc bhuq Gwt dKl dyxf cfhIdf hY| iehnF nIqIaF dy GfiVaF anusfr srkfr dI BUimkf srmfey dy invyÈ leI shfieqf krnf hY nf ik smfjk syvfvF pRdfn krnf | Auh ieh vI mihsUs krdy hn ik kOmI srkfrF kol ivÈv pwDr AuWqy kMm krdIaF mMzI dIaF qfkqF AuWpr kfbU rwKx dI smrwQf nhIN hY| ies leI sfry KyqrF -afriQk, isafsI, smfjk, ividak, vfqfvrx afid - ivc PYslf krn df aml mMzI AuWpr Cwz dyxf cfhIdf hY| iek ivdvfn anusfr, ivÈvIkrx dy vrqfry ivc “rfj dI BUimkf iek ‘cONkIdfr’ vflI bx geI hY| iesdf Bfv hY ik srkfr df kMm amn kfƒn dI rfKI krnf, iekrfrnfmy dI pivqrqf dI surwiKaf krnf aqy AunIaF ku smfjk syvfvF dyxf hY ijs nfl inwjI jfiedfd surwiKaq rih sky aqy srmfey dIaF mMzIaF ƒ pUrI aËfdI nfl kMm krn leI suivDfvF pRdfn ho skx”| (Dudley, 1998, p. 27)

afriQk qrkvfd:

afriQk qrkvfd qoN Bfv hY ik srkfrI Kyqr ƒ hor kfrgr (aYPIÈYNt), pRqIXogI aqy AuqpfdnkfrI hoxf cfhIdf hY| aijhf krn leI srkfrI Kyqr df punrgTn kIqf jf irhf hY aqy Aus ivc ktOqIaF kIqIaF jf rhIaF hn| afriQk qrkvfd aDIn ÌYsly krdy smyN smfjk, isafsI, aqy siBafcfrk KyqrF dy mukfbly afriQk Kyqr ƒ pihl idwqI jFdI hY| kuwJ ivdvfnF anusfr “afriQk qrkvfd df kyNdrI nukqf smfjk lfhy ƒ afriQk lfhy qoN nINvF mMnxf hY|” (Mok and welch, 2003).

PrI tryz:

ivÈv pwDr AuWqy sQfpq ho rhy ies nvyN afriQk pRbMD ivc ielfkfeI aqy aMqrrfÈtrI vpfrk smJOqy kyNdrI BUimkf inBf rhy hn| iehnF smJOiqaF df mksd aijhy hflq pYdf krnf hY ijhnF aDIn vsqF aqy syvfvF ibnF iksy rok tok dy srhwdF dy afr pfr jf skx| igafn nfl sMbMDq srgrmIaF srhwdF dy afr pfr ho rhy syvfvF dy vpfr df iek ihwsf hn| iesdy nfl nfl aMqrrfÈtrI vpfr smJOqy iËhnI jfiedfd (ieMtlkYcual pRfprtI) dy aiDkfrF ƒ vI afpxy Gyry ivc lYNdy hn aqy iËhnI jfiedfd (ieMtlYkcual pRfprtI) dI mlkIaq bfry kfƒn GVdy hn| iehnF kfƒnF df mksd aMqrrfÈtrI pwDr AuWqy igafn dy vpfr dy rfh ivc afAuNdIaF rukfvtF ƒ dUr krnf, igafn nfl sMbMDq vsqF leI mMzIaF dy rfh KolHxf aqy iehnF vsqF dy mflkF leI surwiKaf pRdfn krnf hY| iesdy nfl hI ielfkfeI aqy aMqrrfÈtrI vpfrk smJOqy vpfr nfl sMbMDq ÌYsly krn df aiDkfr kOmI srkfrF dy aiDkfr Kyqr qoN bfhr lY jFdy hn| nqIjy vjoN vpfr dy Kyqr ivc kOmI srkfrF vloN afpxy nfgirkF dy dbfa hyT af ky koeI PYslf lYx dI Xogqf sImq ho jFdI hY|

mMzI dI srdfrI:

afKrI aqy swB qoN mhwqvpUrn gwl ieh hY ik inE-ilbrl nIqIaF sMsfr ivc mMzI dI srdfrI df dm BrdIaF hn| ieh nIqIaF bxfAux vfilaF df ivÈvfs hY ik afËfd mMzI smfj dIaF sfrIaF smwisafvF df hwl kr skdI hY| ieQy mMzI qoN Bfv hY:
adfn pRdfn df aijhf ZMg ijs aDIn smfj dIaF loVF dI pUrqI vsqF aqy syvfvF dI inwjI jfiedfd vjoN KRIdo ProKq nfl huMdI hY| ies nfl smfjk vMz df aijhf ZMg pYdf huMdf hY, ijs aDIn mËdUr ÈkqI aqy srmfey, afmdn aqy dOlq aqy Auqpfdn aqy Kpq dI vMz adfn pRdfn dy aml smyN mMg aqy pUrqI dy mukfbly AuWqy inrBr krdI hY| sMKyp ivc, smfj ivc vsqF aqy syvfvF dI vMz kImq dy pRbMD anusfr huMdI hY (Teeple, 2000, p. 85)|
inE-ilbrl nIqI GfiVaF dI dlIl hY ik ibnF iksy rok tok dy cwl rhI mMzI nfl afriQkqf ivc kfrgrqf pYdf huMdI hY aqy mMzI syvfvF dI vMz dOrfn PËUl KrcI ƒ rokdI hY| AuhnF df ieh vI dfavf hY ik smfj ivc vsIilaF dI vMz leI mMzI iek inrpwK sfDn hY|

smfj ivc ividaf dI mhwqqf:

smfj ivc mnuwK dy ivkfs aqy BlfeI ivc ividaf dI iek aihm BUimkf hY| smfj ivc iksy ivakqI df drjf inrDfirq hox ivc keI hor gwlF dy nfl nfl ies gwl df vI vwzf hwQ hY ik Aus ivakqI kol ividaf hY jF nhIN aqy jy hY qF ikMnI| ividaf df hoxf jF nf hoxf lokF AuWpr ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy hI asr nhIN pfAuNdf sgoN ieh rfÈtrI aqy aMqrrfÈtrI pwDr AuWpr vwK vwK BfeIcfirafN, smUhF aqy dyÈF dI drjfbMdI krn ivc vI vwzI BUimkf inBfAuNdf hY| ies qwQ ƒ iDafn ivc rwKidaF mnuwKI ivkfs aqy BlfeI dy iewCuk ivdvfn, mfhr aqy smfj syvI ividaf ƒ smfj ivc nfbrfbrI aqy nf iensfPI Kqm krn leI iek mhwqvpUrn sfDn smJdy hn| ividaf iksy ivakqI aqy smfj dy ivkfs ivc iks qrHF df asr pfAuNdI hY, pyÈ hY ies nfl sMbMDq kuwJ ku pwKF bfry ivcfr| ieh ivcfr ieh gwl smJx ivc sfzI mdd krngy ik ivÈvIkrn dy vrqfry aDIn ividaf dy Kyqr bfry iqafr kIqIaF jf rhIaF nIqIaF smfj ivc mnuwK dy ivkfs aqy BlfeI leI lfhyvMd sfbq hoxgIaF jF Aus AuWpr nFh-pwKI asr pfAuxgIaF|

iËMdgI dI amIrI:

iek iensfn leI ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy ividaf dI swB qoN vwzI mhwqqf ieh hY ik ividaf AusdI iËMdgI ƒ keI pwKF qoN amIrI bKÈdI hY| ieh iensfn ƒ afpxy aqy afpxy afly duafly bfry cyqnf pRdfn krdI hY| ieh AusdI jfxn dI BuwK dI iqRpqI krn df sfDn bxdI hY| iensfn dy inwjI-ivkfs aqy smfj dy dUsry pRfxIaF nfl Ausdy myl imlfp leI ividaf dI vwzI BUimkf hY| hr iek iensfn ivc iek bIj qoN sMGxI CF vflf ruwK bxn qwk dIaF asImq sMBfvnfvF huMdIaF hn| iehnF sMBfvnfvF dI pUrqI leI hor keI gwlF dy nfl nfl ividaf vwzf Xogdfn pfAuNdI hY| nobl purskfr jyqU arQÈfsqrI amriqaf syn df kihxf hY ik iek iensfn vloN smfj ivc asrdfiek ZMg nfl aËfd jIvn jIx leI aqy iensfn dIaF sMBfvnfvF dI smuwcy rUp ivc pUrqI leI ividaf df bhuq mhwqv hY| (Ref. in watkins, 2000; Dereze and Men, 2002)|

afriQk Pfiedy:

ivakqIgq pwDr AuWqy ividaf lokF dI vDyry afmdn kmfAux ivc shfieqf krdI hY| ieh srkfrI aqy gYr srkfrI KyqrF ivc cMgI qnKfh vflIaF nOkrIaF hfsl krn df sfDn bxdI hY| iesdy nfl hI afpxf kMm kfj krn vfly lokF ivc ividaf AuhnF ƒ afpxy kMm kfjF df cMgI qrHF pRbMD krn ivc mdd krdI hY aqy AuhnF vloN vwD afmdn kmfAux df sfDn bxdI hY| vwK vwK dyÈF bfry kIqy gey aiDan ies gwl dI gvfhI Brdy hn| Audfhrn leI, lfqInI amrIkf ivc pRfiemrI skUl pfs kfimaF dI afmdn AuhnF kfimaF dI afmdn nfloN zyZI hY, ijhnF kool koeI ividaf nhIN hY| ies hI qrHF bMglfdyÈ ivc sYkMzrI skUl pfs aOrqF dI aOsqn afmdn AuhnF aOrqF nfloN 7 guxf iËafdf hY ijhnF ny koeI ividaf pRfpq nhIN kIqI| (watkins, 2000) | ies sMbMD ivc asIN bhuq aMkVy dyx dI loV nhIN smJdy ikAuNik afm lok afpxy iswDy anuBv qoN jfxdy hn ik cMgI pVHfeI ilKfeI lokF ƒ cMgI afmdn vflIaF nOkrIaF lYx ivc mdd krdI hY| ies leI hI bhuq sfry lok pVHfeI ƒ grIbI qoN Cutkfrf pfAux df iek sfDn smJdy hn| ieh gwl awj dI "igafn afDfirq" afriQkqf ivc hor vI mhwqvpUrn bxdI jf rhI hY|
smfj ivc dOlq dI nfbrfbr vMz ivc hor kfrnF dy nfl nfl ividaf dI vI vwzI BUimkf hY| mfhrF df ivcfr hY ik iksy vI smfj ivc lokF ivckfr ividaf dy pwDr AuWqy ijMnf iËafdf Prk hovygf, Aunf iËafdf pfVf AuhnF dI afmdn ivc hovygf| ies sMbMD ivc aOksPYm aYjUkyÈn irport (watkins, 2000) ivcoN kuwJ AudfhrnF pyÈ hn| 1997 dy aMkiVaF muqfbk amrIkf ivc srkfr koloN Kfxy dI shfieqf (PUz stYNps) lYx vfly lokF ivcoN awDy Auh sn ijhnF ny hfeI skUl pfs nhIN sI kIqf| 1980ivaF ivc brqfnIaf ivc afmdn pwKoN hyTly 10 ÌI sdI lokF dIaF afmdnF GtIaF sn jdoN ik dyÈ ivc smuwcy rUp ivc lokF dI afmdn ivc vfDf ho irhf sI| iek aMdfËy muqfbk iehnF ivcoN iek iqhfeI lokF dI afmdn Gtx df kfrn ividaf df Prk sI| lfqInI amrIkf ivc afmdn dy afDfr AuWqy hyTly 20 ÌI sdI lokF dI afmdn aqy AuWprly 20 ÌI sdI lokF dI afmdn df anupfq 1:16 hY| ies nfbrfbrI df iek kfrn iehnF lokF ivckfr ividaf df pfVf hY|
afriQk qOr AuWqy ividaf df Pfiedf isrP inwjI pwDr qwk hI sImq nhIN hY, sgoN ies nfl smuwcy smfj ƒ Pfiedf huMdf hY| arQÈfsqrIaF anusfr, iksy iek dyÈ dy nfgirkF ivc ividaf df psfr, Aus dyÈ dI smuwcI Auqpfdkqf vDfAux ivc shfeI huMdf hY| arQÈfsqr dy Kyqr ivc ies ivcfr ƒ “ihAUmn kYpItl groQ iQAUrI” dy rUp ivc jfixaf jFdf hY| ies iQAUrI anusfr “ihAUmn kYpItl” qoN Bfv hY ividaf pRfpqI dOrfn iswiKaf igaf lfhyvMd igafn| ieh igafn snaq ivc Auqpfdkqf vDfAux leI mËdUr ÈkqI ivc nvyN hunr pYdf krdf hY aqy ieh igafn pRfpq mËdUr ÈkqI snaq ivc lfeIaF geIaF nvIaF qknIkF vrqx dy kfbl bxdI hY| nqIjy vjoN snaq ivc Auqpfdkqf vDfAux ivc shfieqf imldI hY| ies sMbMD ivc dwKxI korIaf dI Audfhrx idMidaF vftiknË ilKdf hY ik snaq ivc vwzI qrwkI krn qoN pihlF dwKxI korIaf ny ividaf dy Kyqr ivc vwzI qrwkI kIqI sI| Aus anusfr jy dwKxI korIaf ivc pRfiemrI ividaf df pwDr pfiksqfn ijMnf rihMdf qF 1985 ivc dwKxI korIaf df smuwcf GrylU Auqpfdn Aus Auqpfdn qoN 40 ÌI sdI Gwt hoxf sI, ijMnf Auqpfdn dwKxI korIaf Aus sfl ivc kr sikaf sI|

isafsI srgrmI:

iksy vI smfj df pRbMD clfAux leI srkfrF keI qrHF dy kfƒn aqy nIqIaF GVdIaF hn| ieh kfƒn aqy nIqIaF bxfAux ipwCy srkfr df kI mksd hY; Auh ikhnF lokF dy ihq pUrdIaF hn aqy AuhnF df afm lokF dy jIvn AuWpr kI asr peygf, ies qrHF dy svflF dy juafb lwBx leI loVINdI jfxkfrI aqy igafn ividaf rfhIN pRfpq huMdf hY| hr smfj ivc kMm kfj ƒ clfAux leI keI qrHF dIaF srkfrI aqy gYr srkfrI sMsQFvF kMm krdIaF hn| iek ividaf ivhuxy ivakqI dy mukfbly iek ividaf pRfpq ivakqI leI iehnF sMsQFvF dy kMm kfj ƒ smJxf, AuhnF qwk phuMc krnf aqy AuhnF ƒ sQfpq krn ivc ihwsf lYxf kfPI sOKf huMdf hY| iesdy nfl nfl lokF ivc isafsI nyqfvF dy kMm kfË df bhupwKI ivÈlyÈx kr skx dI smrwQf vI ividaf rfhIN afAuNdI hY| smfj ivc iksy iek jn smUh vloN afpxy sFJy ihqF dI pCfx kr skx, afpsI ivcfr vtFdry rfhIN iehnF ihqF dI sUcI iqafr kr skx aqy iPr iehnF ihqF ƒ afpxIaF sFJIaF mMgF dy rUp ivc pyÈ kr skx leI ividaf dI mhwqvpUrn BUimkf hY| jy loV pvy qF iehnF mMgF dy hwk ivc mËbUq aqy asrdfr Gol jQybMd krn leI hor keI gwlF dy nfl nfl ividaf dI ËrUrq hY| gwl ik ividaf iek iensfn ƒ smfj dI isafsq ivc sUJ, smJ aqy srgrmI nfl ÈmUlIaq kr skx dy kfbl bxfAuNdI hY|

ishq:

ividaf df lokF dI ishq dy cMgy hox nfl vI gUVHf sMbMD hY| iek pVHy ilKy ivakqI leI anpVH ivakqI dy mukfbly srIrk qMdrusqI, bImfrIaF aqy AuhnF dy ielfj bfry jfxkfrI lYxf suKflf hY| ies sMbMD ivc dunIaF dy keI dyÈF ivc kIqy gey aiDanF qoN pqf cldf hY ik pVHy ilKy lok anpVH lokF dy mukfbly bImfrI smyN ajoky ivigafnk ielfj krvfAux ƒ qrjIh idMdy hn| CUq dIaF bImfrIaF qoN bcfa leI lody vgYrf lvfAux dI dr anpVH lokF dy mukfbly pVHy ilKy lokF ivc ikqy iËafdf hY| mfipaF, Kfs krky mfvF, df pVHy ilKy hoxf bwicaF dI qMdrusqI kfiem rwKx ivc vwzf rol adf krdf hY| Audfhrn leI, ihMdusqfn dy AuWqr pRdyÈ sUby ivc bfl avsQf (iek sfl qoN Gwt Aumr) ivc mrn vfly bwicaF dI dr kyrlf ivc ies Aumr ivc mrn vfly bwicaF dI dr nfloN 7 guxF hY| mfhrF anusfr iehnF dohF sUibaF ivc bflF dI mrn dI dr ivckfr ies vwzy Prk df iek muwK kfrn dohF sUibaF ivc aOrqF dI sfKrqf dI dr ivc ËmIn asmfn df Prk df hoxf hY| AuWqr pRdyÈ ivc aOrqF ivc sfKrqf dI dr 25 ÌI sdI dy nyVy hY jdoN ik kyrlf ivc ieh dr 86 ÌI sdI hY (watkins, 2000)| pVHy ilKy lokF ivc ishq dI ibhqrI isrP ies krky hI nhIN hY ik AuhnF ƒ qMdrusqI, bImfrIaF aqy AuhnF dy ielfjF bfry shI jfxkfrI sOiKaF iml jFdI hY, ieh ies krky vI hY ividaf iehnF lokF ivc ivÈvfs pYdf krdI hY, ijs krky Auh ishq syvfvF pRdfn krn vfly lokF koloN cMgIaF syvfvF dI mMg krn dy kfbl vI bxdy hn|

sFJy jIvn qjrby nfl sFJ:

iek ivakqI vloN afpxy afp ƒ iksy smfj df ihwsf mihsUs krn leI ieh ËrUrI hY ik Auh ivakqI Aus smfj dy sFJy jIvn qjrby (ijs ivc ieiqhfs, smfj ƒ isafsI aqy afriQk pwDr AuWqy jQybMd krn leI vriqaf jFdf igafn, afpxy vfqfvrx nfl nijwTx leI loVINdf igafn, siBafcfr, imwQF, lok kQfvF, sfihq, Dfrimk ivÈvfs afid Èfml hn) qoN jfxU hovy| ajoky jmfny ivc ies qrHF dIaF sfrIaF gwlF dI sMBfl krn aqy AuhnF df iek pIVI qoN dUsrI pIVI qwk sMcfr krn leI ividaf bhuq ËrUrI hY| sFJy jIvn qjrby nfl juiVaf mnuwK hI ies qjrby ivcly igafn qoN Pfiedf AuTf skdf hY aqy afpxy inwjI qjrby qoN hfsl kIqy igafn ƒ sFJy igafn df ihwsf bxf skdf hY|
Auprokq ivcfr vtFdry qoN ieh spÈt hY ik afriQk, isafsI aqy siBafcfrk pwKF qoN ivakqI dy inwjI aqy smUihk ivkfs leI ividaf dI bhuq mhwqqf hY| hux dyKdy hF ik ivÈvIkrn dy dOr ivc ividaf dy Kyqr ivc af rhIaF qbdIlIaF ivakqI dy inwjI aqy smUihk ivkfs AuWpr iks qrHF dy asr pfAuxgIaF|

ivÈvIkrn aqy ividaf:

ivÈvIkrn dy dOr qoN pihlF srkfrF afpxy bwjtF ivc ividaf leI mhwqvpUrn rkmF rfKvIaF rwKdIaF sn| pr hux srkfrI KricaF ivc ktOqIaF dI Dfrnf aDIn ividak sMsQFvF dy bwjtF ivc ktOqIaF kIqIaF jf rhIaF hn aqy ieh ktOqIaF amIr aqy grIb dohF mulkF ivc ho rhIaF hn| Audfhrn leI, 1990ivaF dy ÈurU ivc kYnyzf dI kyNdrI srkfr ny afpxf bwjt bYlYNs krn leI kyNdrI srkfr vloN sUibaF ƒ smfjk syvfvF leI idwqy jFdy pYisaF ivc vwzIaF ktOqIaF kIqIaF sn| iesdy nqIjy vjoN kYnyzf dy sUibaF ƒ afpxIaF XUnIvristIaF dy bwjtF leI loVINdy pYsy dyx ivc vwzIaF muÈiklF df sfhmxf krnf ipaf| iesdy nfl hI iehnF sflF dOrfn kYnyzf dy sUibaF ny vI afpxy bwjt bYlyNs krn leI inEilbrl nIqIaF ƒ apnfAuxf ÈurU krky smfjk syvfvF dy afpxy pRogrfmF ivc ktOqIaF krnIaF ÈurU kr idwqIaF| ijsdy nqIjy vjoN srkfrF vloN XUnIvirstIaF ƒ idwqI jFdI mflI shfieqf ivc ktOqIaF kIqIaF geIaF| Audfhrn leI 1990-91 dy sfl qoN lY ky sfl 2000-2001 dy ivckfr kYnyzf dy vwzy sUby EntyrIE ivc XUnIvirstIaF ƒ imldy pYisaF ivc 63 kRoV 50 lwK zflr dI kmI afeI” (Mackenzie and Rosenfeld, 2002, p. 2).
grIb dyÈF dIaF XUnIvirstIaF ƒ vI ies pwDr AuWqy jF iesqoN vwD ktOqIaF df sfhmxf krnf pY irhf hY| iehnF dyÈF dIaF srkfrF vloN bhuqI vfr ieh kdm aMqrrfÈtrI mudrf koÈ (afeI aYm aYP) aqy ivÈv bYNk (vrlz bYNk) dIaF hdfieqF aDIn cuwky jFdy hn| ivdyÈI kriËaF dy Bfr hyT dwbIaF ieh srkfrF, afpxy kriËaF dIaF ikÈqF dI adfiegI krn leI smfjk syvfvF dy KyqrF, ijhnF ivc ividaf iek pRmuwK Kyqr hY, dy KricaF ivc ktOqIaF krdIaF hn| iewk iswiKaf mfhr bI jI iqlk (2003), vloN ihMdusqfn dy sMbMD ivc kIqI Koj ieh drsfAuNdI hY ik ihMdusqfn dIaF XUnIvirstIaF ƒ vI 1991, jdoN AuWQy inE ilbrl nIqIaF dI ÈurUafq hoeI sI, qoN bfad kYnyzf dIaF XUnIvirstIaF vrgy hflqF ivcoN dI lMGxf ipaf hY| swB qoN pihlF afpxy bwjt dy Gfty AuWpr kfbU pfAux leI kyNdr dI srkfr ny afpxy vloN sUibaF dI srkfrF ƒ ividaf dy sMbMD ivc idwqy jFdy pYisaF ivc ktOqIaF kIqIaF| AusqoN bfad iehnF ktOqIaF kfrn pYdf hoeI pYsy dI ikwlq kfrn sUibaF dIaF srkfrF ny afpxy ividak KricaF ivc vwzIaF ktOqIaF kIqIaF| iqlk dy anusfr, sMn 1989-90 ivc kyNdr srkfr aqy sUibaF dI srkfrF dy AuWc ividaf dy sMbMD ivc Krcy AuhnF dy kuwl afmdn KricaF df 12 ÌI sdI sn| pr sMn 1997-1998 dOrfn AuWc ividaf leI AuhnF dy ieh Krcy Gwt ky 9 ÌI sdI rih gey| iesdy nfl hI ies smyN dOrfn AuWc ividaf qy afAux vflf Krcf grOs nYÈnl pRozkt dy 0[55 pRqIÈq ihwsy qoN Gwt ky 0[ 35 pRqIÈq rih igaf (Tilak, 2003)|
ies qrH dIaF ktOqIaF df sfhmxf kr rhIaF XUnIvirstIaF afpxI afmdn vDfAux aqy syvfvF GtfAux dI koiÈÈ kr rhIaF hn| swB qoN pihlF, XUnIvirstIaF afpxI afmdn vDfAux leI ividafrQIaF dIaF PIsF ivc vfDf kr rhIaF hn| kYnyzf dy sYNtr Pfr pflsI altrnyitv leI sMn 2003 ivc iqafr kIqI iek irport ivc islivaf Pulr df dfavf hY ik sMn 1990/91 aqy 2000/2001 drimafn kYnyzf ivc bI ey dy ividafrQIaF dIaF PIsF ivc 126 ÌI sdI df vfDf hoieaf hY| zfktrI, kfƒn, akfAuNitMg vrgy pROPYÈnl korsF dIaF PIsF ivc vfDf iesqoN ikqy vwD hY| kYnyzf dy XUnIvirstI aiDafpkF dI aYsosIeyÈn dy pRDfn ivktr kYtfno anusfr ipCly dhfky dOrfn kfƒn, zfktrI aqy dMdF dI zfktrI dy KyqrF ivc pVHdy ividafrQIaF dIaF PIsF ivc kRmvfr 217 ÌI sdI, 320 ÌI sdI, aqy 400 ÌI sdI df vfDf hoieaf hY (Canadian Association of University Teachers, 2004). PIsF ivc vfDf krn dy nfl nfl XUnIvirstI dy ividafrQIaF ƒ XUnIvirstIaF vloN idwqIaF jFdIaF keI qrHF dIaF syvfvF (ijvyN: lfiebRyrI dIaF keI qrHF dIaF syvfvF, korsF leI gfiezF) leI pYsy dyxy pY rhy hn| iqlk anusfr ividafrQIaF koloN hor pYsy iekwTy krn leI, ihMdusqfn dIaF keI XUnIvirstIaF, qknIkI aqy mYnyjmYNt dI ividaf nfl sMbMDq ividak adfiraF ny afpxIaF dfKlf PIsF, dfKly leI ley jFdy ieimiqhfnF dIaF PIsF, hostl dy KricaF aqy arËI PfrmF aqy broÈrF afid dIaF adfiegIaF ivc vwzf vfDf kIqf hY|
itAUÈn PIsF aqy hor KricaF ivc kIqy gey vfDy nfl smfj dy vwK vwK vrgF dy lokF dI ividaf pRfpq kr skx dI Xogqf AuWqy nfbrfbrI vflf asr pY irhf hY| Puwlr anusfr, kYnyzf ivc grIb nOjvfnF vloN AuWc ividak sMsQFvF ivc dfKl hox dI igxqI aqy amIr jF mwDvrgI nOjvfnF vloN AuWc ividak sMsQFvF ivc dfKl hox dI igxqI ivckfr pfVf vDdf jf irhf hY| iesdy nfl hI zfktrI, vkIlI vrgy pRoPYÈnl pRogrfmF dIaF PIsF ivc hoieaf vfDf grIb ividafrQIaF ƒ iehnF pRogrfmF ivc dfKlf lYx qoN inrAuqÈfihq krdf hY| ikAuNik pROPYÈnl ividaf pRfpq krn vfly lokF dI qnKfhF afm izgrIaF pRfpq krn vfly lokF dIaF qnKfhF nfloN ikqy vwD huMdIaF hn, ies leI grIb ividafrQIaF vloN iehnF pRogrfmF ivc dfKlf nf lY skxf smfj ivcoN pihlF qoN mOjUd nf brfbrI ƒ hor vVfvf dyvygf|
ies qoN agFh, inwjI adfiraF koloN pYsy iekwqr krn dIaF koiÈÈF aDIn XUnIvirstIaF vloN inwjI vpfrF aqy snaqF nfl nyVy df irÈqf kfiem kIqf jf irhf hY| nqIjy vloN XUnIvirstIaF vloN kIqI jf rhI bhuqI Koj vpfr aqy snaq dy ihqF dI syvf krn leI kIqI jf rhI hY| ies kfrn XUnIvirstI dI bhuqI Koj aplfiez KyqrF AuWqy kyNdirq ho rhI hY aqy ijigafsf ƒ iqRpq krn vflI Koj aqy smfj dy sFJy ihqF ƒ awgy iljfx vflI Koj ipwCy pYNdI jf rhI hY| iesdy nfl nfl XUnIvirstIaF smfjk ivigafn aqy mfnv ivigafn nfl sMbMDq korsF dI QF kMipAUtr sfieMs aqy ieMjnIairMg vgYrf nfl sMbMDq kors pVHfAux ƒ vwD qrjIh dy rhIaF hn| iqlk anusfr, iswiKaf aqy igafn pRfpq krn aqy ivdvqf ƒ vVfvf dyx vrgy muZly inÈfinaF dI QF XUnIvirstIaF df inÈfnF afpxI afmdn vDfAuxf bx igaf hY | aplfiez aqy isKlfeI Kyqr dy kors pVHfAux aqy vpfrF aqy snaq koloN grFtF hfsl krn ivckfr iswDf sMbMD hY| ies qrHF jfpdf hY ik AuWc ividak sMsQFvF dy pRbMDkF ƒ ies gwl df pUrf igafn hY, aqy Auh ies sMbMD qoN vwD qoN vwD Pfiedf AuTfAuxf cfhuMdy hn|
akfdimk korsF dI QF aplfiez korsF qy Ëor dyx qoN smuwcf pRBfv ieh hY ik inE-ilbrl nIqI GfiVaF dy inrdyÈF aDIn kMm krdy AuWc ividak sMsQFvF dy pRbMDk ieh smJdy hn ik ividaf dI BUimkf isrP afriQk Kyqr nfl hI sMbMiDq hY| AuhnF anusfr, ividaf dI BUimkf isrP ivÈv dI afriQkqf leI hunrmMd aqy iswiKafXfPqf kfmy pYdf krnf hI hY| AuhnF leI smfjk, siBafcfrk, aqy isafsI KyqrF nfl sMbMiDq ividaf dy dUsry mksdF df koeI arQ nhIN hY|
ivksq dyÈF dIaF XUnIvirstIaF vloN afpxI afmdn vDfAux leI kIqf jf rhy XqnF ivc iek Xqn hY, itAUÈn PIsF dy skx dI Xogqf rwKx vfly aMqrrfÈtrI ividafrQIaF ƒ afpxy vwl iKwcxf aqy dUsry dyÈF ƒ ividaf df inrXfq krnf| ies Kyqr bfry Koj krdy do ivdvfnF aYlbYk aqy vYlc df mMnxf hY ik ividafrQIaF vloN dUjy dyÈF ivc jf ky ividaf pRfpq krn df vrqfrf koeI nvF nhIN hY| ieiqhfsk rIkfrzF qoN pqf lwgdf hY ik mwDkfl qoN ividafrQI dUjy dyÈF ivc pVHn jFdy rhy hn| pr ivÈvIkrn dy ies pVfa AuWqy dUjy dyÈF ivc ividaf pRfpq krn vfly ividafrQIaF dI igxqI iek aijhI pwDr AuWqy phuMc geI hY ijsdI pihlF imsfl nhIN imldI| aYlbYk df dfavf hY ik ies smyN dunIaF Br ivc 15 lwK dy krIb ividafrQI dUjy dyÈf ivc jf ky ividaf pRfpq krn rhy hn, ijhnF ivcoN 80 ÌI sdI ividafrQI ivkfsÈIl dyÈF qoN ivksq dyÈF ivc ividaf pRfpq krn afey hn| astRylIaf dIaF XUnIvirstI bfry kIqI Koj dy afDfr AuWqy vYlc df dfavf krdf hY ik pwCmI dyÈF dIaF XUnIvirstIaF ivc pVHn afAux vfly aMqrrfÈtrI ividafrQIaF dI igxqI ivc vfDy df iehnF dyÈF dIaF XUnIvirstIaF ƒ srkfr vloN imldy pYisaF ivc hoeI ktOqI nfl iswDf sMbMD hY| Ausdf dfavf hY ik ipCly 2-3 dhfikaF dOrfn srkfr vloN imldy pYisaF ivc hoeI ktOqI ƒ pUrf krn leI astRylIaf dIaF XUnIvirstIaF ny aMqrrfÈtrI ividafrQIaF ƒ afpxy vwl iKwcx leI ivÈyÈ Ëor lfieaf hY| Auh ilKdf hY ik hux ies smyN aMqrrfÈtrI ividafrQIaF df nF suxdy sfr hI astRylIaf aqy ieMglYNz dIaF XUnIvirstIaF dy vfies cFslrF dIaF "awKF ivc cmk" af jFdI hY| byÈwk aMqrrfÈtrI ividafrQIaF vloN pwCmI dyÈF ivc afky pVHn leI idwqy pYsy, iehnF dyÈF dIaF XUnIvirstIaF ƒ afeI pYsy dI ikwlq dUr krn ivc shfeI huMdI hY, pr ieh vrqfrf ivkfsÈIl dyÈF AuWpr afriQk, isafsI aqy siBafcfrk pwK qoN keI qrHF dy asr pfAuNdf hY| aYlbYk anusfr:
bhuqy aMqrrfÈtrI ividafrQI afpxI pVHfeI df Krcf afp idMdy hn, ijs nfl myËbfn dyÈF ƒ kfPI afmdn huMdI hY - aqy ivkfsÈIl dyÈF dI afriQkqf AuWpr Bfr pYNdf hY| kuwJ aMdfiËaF muqfbk kuwJ ivkfsÈIl dyÈF dy ividafrQIaF vloN ivdyÈI pVHfeI leI Krcy gey pYsy Aus dyÈ ƒ imlx vflI afriQk iemdfd qoN iËafdy huMdy hn| ieh ividafrQI afpxy Kyqr ivc iswiKaf hI pRfpq nhIN krdy sgoN Aus akfdimk sMsfr dIaF kdrF kImqF vI gRihx kr lYNdy hn, ijs ivc Auh pVHy hn| keI vfr Auh afpxy dyÈF ivc prq ky afpxIaF XUnIvirstIaF ƒ Aus qrHF df bxfAuxf cfhuMdy hn, ijs qrHF df bxfAuxf axXQfrQk aqy asMBv huMdf hY| ivdyÈF ivc pVHy ividafrQI iek aijhy aMqrrfÈtrI akfdimk siBafcfr dy vfhk bxdy hn, ijs dIaF kdrF kImqF pwCmI dyÈF dIaF vwzIaF XUnIvirstIaF dIaF kdrF kImqF nfl myl KFdIaF hn| keI qrHF nfl, ieh siBafcfr ivkfsÈIl dyÈF leI apRsMgk huMdf hY| (Altbach, 2000, p. 13)
iesqoN vI agFh ivÈv dI ividaf dI mMzI qoN Pfiedf lYx leI pwCmI dyÈF dIaF bhuq sfrIaF XUnIvirstIaF, kflj aqy inwjI adfry ividaf df iek vsq vjoN dUsry dyÈF ƒ inrXfq kr rhy hn| ividaf df ieh inrXfq keI qrHF nfl huMdf hY| iek pwDr AuWqy iek dyÈ dy ividak adfry dUsry dyÈ dy ividak adfiraF nfl imlky Aus dyÈ ivc sFJy izgrI pRogrfm ÈurU krdy hn| aYlbYk anusfr, ies qrHF dIaF bhuqIaF sFJ-iBaflIaF ivksq dyÈF ivc siQq ividak adfiraF aqy ivkfsÈIl ivc siQq ividak adfiraF ivckfr vfprdIaF hn| iehnF sfry kysF ivc muZlf pfTkRm aqy jfxkfrI ivksq dyÈF ivcly ividak adfiraF vloN iqafr kIqI jFdI hY| iPr vI ivkfsÈIl dyÈf dy ividak adfiraF ƒ nvyN pfTkRm iqafr krn ivc Pfiedf huMdf hY| vwKrI iksm dy iek hor pRbMD anusfr, iek dyÈ dIaF ividak sMsQFvF dUjy dyÈF ivc afpxy kYNps sQfipq krdIaF hn| aYlbYk anusfr amrIkf dIaF keI pRmuwK XUnIvirstIaF dunIaF Br ivc afpxy kYNps sQfpq kr rhIaF hn| ieh XUnIvirstIaF amrIkf dy stYNzrz pfTkRm dI vrqoN krdIaF hn aqy afpxy ividafrQIaF ƒ amrIkn izgrIaF pRdfn krdIaF hn| iek hor smJOqy anusfr, ivdyÈI ividak adfry sQfnk ividak adfiraF ƒ afpxf nF vrqx df ivÈyÈ aiDkfr idMdy hn| ies qrHF dy smJOiqaF aDIn ivdyÈI XUnIvirstIaF sQfnk XUnIvirstIaF jF vpfrk adfiraF ƒ afpxf nF aqy pfTkRm vrqx dI KuwlH idMdIaF hn aqy kuwJ kysF ivc, bhuq sImq hwd qwk, kuafltI dI pwDr kfiem rwKx leI sQfnk adfiraF dI ingrfnI krdIaF hn| sQfnk adfiraF ƒ afpxy ividafrQIaF ƒ ivdyÈI adfiraF dIaF izgrIaF dyx df aiDkfr huMdf hY| vpfr dy Kyqr ivc kIqy jf rhy aMqrrfÈtrI smJOqy aqy nvIN ienPrmyÈn qknOlOjI hwdF dy afr pfr kIqy jf rhy ividaf dy ies vpfr dy psfr ƒ AuqÈfihq krdy hn| aYlbYk mMndf hY ik ividaf dy aijhy vpfr nfl ivkfsÈIl dyÈF ƒ kuwJ Pfiedf huMdf hY, pr Ausdf dfavf hY ik aijhf pRbMD ivkfsÈIl dyÈF AuWpr ivksq dyÈF dI ividak srdfrI ƒ mËbUq krdf hY| Ausdy afpxy ÈbdF ivc, “ieiqhfs gvfh hY ik ividak adfiraF df inrXfq aqy vwK vwK dyÈF dy adfiraF ivckfr sFJ afm qOr qy nfbrfbr iDrF ivckfr sFJ huMdI hY[[[ jdoN adfry jF AuhnF dy AuWdm iek dyÈ qoN dUsry dyÈ ƒ inrXfq kIqy jFdy hn, qF qwkVy dyÈF dy akfdimk mfzl, pfTkRm aqy pRogrfmF ƒ qrjIh imldI hY|” (Altbach, 2000, p. 17)
ivksq dyÈF vloN ivkfsÈIl dyÈF ƒ ividaf inrXfq krn df vrqfrf AuWc-ividaf dy Kyqr qwk hI sImq nhIN| ivksq dyÈF dy pRfeImrI aqy hfeI skUl pwDr dy ividak adfry vI ivksq dyÈF ƒ ividaf inrXfq krky afpxI afmdn vDfAux dy Xqn kr rhy hn| kYnyzf dy Èihr vYnkUvr qoN inkldy roËfnf aKbfr vYnkUvr sn ivc 14 apRYl 2006 ƒ kflm-nvIs zYPnI brfhm vloN iliKaf kflm ies bfry idlcsp cfnxf pfAuNdf hY| kYnyzf dy sUby ibRitÈ kolMbIaf ivc srkfr ny srkfrI skUlF ƒ idwqy jFdy pYisaF ivc ktOqIaF kIqIaF sn aqy sMn 2002 ivc skUlF ƒ ikhf sI ik Auh afpxI afmdn vDfAux leI vpfrIaF vFg socx| nqIjy vjoN ibRitÈ kolMbIaf dy kuwJ skUl iËilHaF ny polYNz aqy cIn ivc aMgryËI mfiDam vfly aYlImYNtrI aqy pRI-skUl KolHy qF ik Auh afpxI afmdn ivc vfDf kr skx| iehnF skUlF dIaF PIsF ƒ dyKdy hoey ieh gwl sfP ho jFdI hY ik ieh skUl cIn aqy polYNz dy afm ividafrQIaF leI nhIN hn sgoN AuWQoN dy amIrF dy bwicaF leI hn| Audfhrn leI polYNz ivc KoilHaf igaf pRI-skUl iek bwcy dI 500 zflr mhInf PIs lYNdf hY ik jdoN ik polYNz ivc lokF dI aOsq afmdn 900 zflr pRqI mhInf hY| bI sI dy iek inwjI adfry vloN cIn ivc KoilHaf igaf iek skUl iek ividafrQI qoN 5, 400 zflr qoN lY ky 10, 100 zflr sflfnf qwk df Krcf lYNdf hY jdoN ik cIn ivc aOsqn sflfnf afmdn 2580 zflr hY| iehnF skUl KricaF qoN sfP Ëfhr hY ik polYNz aqy cIn df afm mfpf afpxy bwicaF ƒ iehnF skUlF ivc nhIN Byj skygf sgoN ieh skUl amIr bwicaF dI syvf krngy|
srkfr vloN XUnIvirstI bwjtF ivc kIqIaF ktOqIaF nfl nijwTx leI inwjI sRoqF qoN pYsy iekwTy krn dy nfl nfl XUnIvirstIaF afpxy Krcy GtfAux leI keI hor ZMgF dI vrqoN vI krdIaF hn| iehnF ivcoN iek ZMg hY klfsF ivc ividafrQIaF dI igxqI vDfAuxf aqy aiDafpkF aqy ividafrQIaF dy anupfq ivc ktOqI krnf| ies nfl aiDafpkF AuWpr hor boJ pYNdf hY aqy ividaf dy guxfqmk pwDr ivc ingfr afAuNdf hY| iesdy nfl nfl XUnIvirstIaF aiDafpkF ƒ pwkf rwKx dI QF afrËI qOr AuWqy Tyky AuWqy nOkrI idMdIaF hn| ies qrHF nvyN aiDafpk pfrt tfiem kfimaF vjoN kMm krdy hn aqy AuhnF ƒ Gwt qnKfhF aqy Bwqy imldy hn| iesdf nqIjf ieh inkldf hY ik cMgI ividaf aqy muhfrq vfly lok ies pyÈy ivc jfxo iJjkdy hn|
afpxy KricaF ƒ hor GtfAux leI XUnIvirstIaF pVHfeI leI shfiek sfDnF AuWpr afpxy KricaF ivc ktOqIaF krdIaF hn| idwlI XUnIvirstI dI Audfhrn idMidaF hoieaF iqlk dfavf krdf hY ik ies qrHF dIaF ktOqIaF nfl Aus XUnIvirstI dI lfiebRyrI dI kuafltI nIvIN hoeI hY| Aus anusfr, 1990 ivc idwlI XUnIvirstI vloN ijMny jrnlË df cMdf idwqf hoieaf sI, sMn 1991 ivc AuhnF ivcoN isrP 67 ÌI sdI jrnlË df cMdf hI nivafieaf igaf| sMn 1992 ivc 1991 ivc cMdf idwqy jrnlË ivcoN isrP 55 ÌI sdI ƒ hI agFh leI jfrI rwiKaf jf sikaf| astRylIan XUnIvirstIaF bfry kIqI afpxI Koj dy afDfr AuWqy vYlc df kihxf hY, ik AuQoN dIaF XUnIvirstIaF dy hflfq vI ieho ijhy hI hn|
inAu-ilbrl pflsIaF aDIn XUnIvirstIaF dy pRbMDkI ZMgF ivc vI nvIaF qbdIlIaF af rhIaF hn| hux XUnIvirstIaF ƒ igafn dyx vfly jnqk adfiraF dI QF kfrporyÈnF vFg clfieaf jf irhf hY| iehnF ZMgF aDIn XUnIvirstI dI kfmXfbI df iewko iek mfp rih igaf hY ik Auh afriQk qOr `qy ikMnf ku kfmXfb hn| pRbMDkI ÌYsly krn dI qfkq df XUnIvirstIaF dy pRDfnF jF vfies cFslr dy hwQF ivc kyNdrIkrn huMdf jf irhf hY| pRbMDkI aqy bwjt dy mfmilaF ivc aiDafpkF df kMtrol Kusdf jf irhf hY| XUnIvirstIaF dy pRbMDk XUnIvirstIaF ƒ PYktrIaF vFg clf rhy hn| ijs qrHF PYktrIaF dy pRbMD ivc dKl dyx dy kfimaF kol bhuq Gwt aiDkfr huMdy hn, iesy qrHF hux XUnIvirstIaF dy pRbMD ivc aiDafpkF dy aiDkfr Gwtdy jf rhy hn| iesdy nfl hI XUnIvirstIaF ƒ vpfrk ZMg nfl clfAux kfrn, aiDafpkF aqy aiDafpkF ivckfr aqy ividafrQIaF aqy ividafrQIaF ivckfr mukfbly dI Bfvnf Ëor PV rhI hY| nqIjy vjoN XUnIvirstIaF ivc smUihk rUp ivc aqy sihkfrI ZMg nfl igafn pRfpq krn dI Bfvnf ƒ Tys phuMc rhI hY|

iswtf:

Auprokq gwlbfq qoN spÈt hY ik ivÈvIkrn dy pRBfv hyT ividaf dy Kyqr ivc vwzIaF qbdIlIaF af rhIaF hn| srkfr vloN ividak adfiraF ƒ idwqy jFdy pYisaF ivc ktOqIaF krn kfrn ieh adfry afpxI afmdn vDfAux leI PIsF vDf rhy hn, afpxIaF syvfvF ivc ktOqIaF kr rhy hn aqy afpxI afmdn ivc vfDf krn leI inwjI adfiraF aqy kfrporyÈnF AuWpr inrBr ho rhy hn| nqIjy vjoN grIb ividafrQIaF dI ividaf qwk phuMc muÈikl ho rhI hY, ividaf dy pwDr ivc inGfr af irhf hY aqy ividak adfiraF AuWpr kfrporyÈnF df glbf vwDdf jf irhf hY| iesdy nfl nfl ividaf bfry ieh Dfrnf vI Ëor PVdI jf rhI hY ik smfj ivc ividaf df mksd isrP kfrporyÈnF leI hunrmMd kfmy pYdf krnf hY| ividafrQIaF ƒ cMgy nfgirk bxfAuxf hux ividaf df mksd nhIN irhf| ieQy cMgy nfgirk qoN sfzf Bfv hY, aijhy ivakqI bxfAuxf jo smfj dy isafsI, swiBafcfrk aqy smfjk msilaF ƒ smJ ky iesdI cMgI AusfrI ivc ihwsf pf skx| aMq ivc ivksq dyÈF dy adfiraF vloN ivkfsÈIl dyÈF ƒ ividaf inrXfq krn dy AuWdmF krky, ivkfsÈIl dyÈf ivc ivksq dyÈF dIaF loVF muqfbk GVy pfTkRm pVHfey jf rhy hn| ieh pfTkRm ivkfsÈIl dyÈF dy ividafrQIaF ƒ bhukOmI kfrporyÈnF vloN afËfd afriQk ËonF (PrI ieknfimk) ivc sQfpq kIqIaF snaqF aqy kfl sYNtrF ivc nOkrIaF lYx dy Xog qF byÈwk bxf dyx pr ieh pfTkRm ividafrQIaF ƒ afpxy dyÈF dIaF smwisafvF ƒ smJx aqy AuhnF dy hwl lwBx dy Xog nhIN bxfAuNdy|

Sukhwant Hundal, 327 E. 47th Ave., Vancouver, BC, V5w 2B1

E-mail: shundal@sfu.ca